Discover 10 genius travel hacks that will help you find cheap flights and save money on your next adventure. From utilizing flight comparison websites to booking during off-peak seasons, these tips will ensure you fly for less without compromising on quality. Learn how to take advantage of airline rewards programs, be flexible with your travel dates, and leverage hidden city ticketing to score the best deals. With these insider tricks, you’ll be jetting off to your dream destinations without breaking the bank.

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Finding cheap flights can be a daunting task, especially with the ever-changing prices and numerous options available. However, with the right strategies and travel hacks, you can save a significant amount of money on your next trip. In this article, we will explore ten genius travel hacks that will help you fly for less. From leveraging technology to being flexible with your travel dates, these tips and tricks will empower you to find the best deals and make your dream vacation a reality without breaking the bank. So, buckle up and get ready to discover the secrets of finding cheap flights!

Use flight search engines
Flight search engines are powerful tools that can help you find the best deals on flights. These platforms aggregate flight information from various airlines and travel agencies, allowing you to compare prices and choose the most affordable options. Here are some key points to consider when using flight search engines:

Start with popular search engines
Begin your search by using well-known flight search engines such as Google Flights, Skyscanner, Kayak, or Momondo. These platforms have user-friendly interfaces and offer a wide range of search options to help you find the cheapest flights.

Be flexible with your travel dates
Flight search engines often provide flexible date options that allow you to compare prices across different days or even months. By being flexible with your travel dates, you can take advantage of lower fares during off-peak seasons or find the best deals for specific travel periods.

Utilize the “Everywhere” or “Explore” feature
Some flight search engines have an “Everywhere” or “Explore” feature that allows you to search for flights to various destinations based on your budget or preferred travel dates. This feature is particularly useful if you have a flexible itinerary and are open to exploring different locations.

Set up price alerts
To stay updated on the latest flight deals, consider setting up price alerts on your chosen flight search engine. These alerts will notify you via email or push notifications when prices for your desired route drop, enabling you to book at the most opportune time.

Compare prices across multiple search engines
While using a single flight search engine can be convenient, it’s always a good idea to compare prices across multiple platforms. Different search engines may have access to different airline partnerships or promotional offers, so comparing prices can help you find the absolute best deal.

Take advantage of filters and sorting options
Flight search engines often provide filters and sorting options to help you narrow down your search results. You can filter by price range, airlines, layovers, departure times, and more. Utilizing these features can save you time and help you find flights that meet your specific preferences.

Consider booking directly with the airline
Once you’ve found a flight through a search engine, it’s worth checking the airline’s website directly to see if they offer any exclusive deals or promotions. Sometimes, booking directly with the airline can result in additional savings or benefits.

Read reviews and check ratings
Before finalizing your booking, take the time to read reviews and check ratings for both the flight search engine and the airlines you are considering. This can give you insights into the reliability of the search engine and the overall quality of the airlines’ services.

Be aware of additional fees and restrictions
When using flight search engines, it’s important to be aware of any additional fees or restrictions that may apply. Some airlines may charge extra for baggage, seat selection, or other services. Make sure to read the terms and conditions carefully before making your booking.

Stay vigilant and act quickly
Flight prices can fluctuate rapidly, so it’s essential to stay vigilant and act quickly when you find a great deal. Prices may change within minutes or hours, and popular routes can sell out fast. By being proactive and ready to book, you can secure the cheapest flights available.

By utilizing flight search engines effectively, you can uncover hidden gems and find the best deals on flights, ultimately saving you money and making your travel dreams a reality.

Be flexible with your travel dates
When it comes to finding cheap flights, being flexible with your travel dates can make a significant difference in the price you pay. By adjusting your departure and return dates, you can take advantage of lower fares and save money on your flights. Here are some tips to help you be more flexible with your travel dates:

Off-peak travel
Consider traveling during off-peak seasons or times of the year when fewer people are flying. Airlines often offer discounted fares during these periods to attract more passengers. By being flexible with your travel dates and choosing to fly during less popular times, you can find cheaper flights.

Midweek flights
Flying on weekdays, especially Tuesdays and Wednesdays, is generally cheaper than flying on weekends. Many people prefer to travel on weekends, resulting in higher demand and higher prices. By adjusting your travel dates to include midweek flights, you can take advantage of lower fares.

Red-eye flights
Red-eye flights, which depart late at night or early in the morning, are often cheaper than flights during the day. These flights are less popular due to the inconvenience of the timing, but they can be a great option if you’re looking to save money. Being flexible with your travel dates and considering red-eye flights can help you find cheaper fares.

Flexible duration
If possible, be open to adjusting the duration of your trip. Sometimes, staying a few extra days or leaving a few days earlier can result in significant savings on your flights. By being flexible with the length of your trip, you can explore different departure and return dates to find the most affordable options.

Use fare comparison websites
Utilize fare comparison websites that allow you to search for flights across a range of dates. These websites often have flexible date options that show you the prices for different departure and return dates. By using these tools, you can easily compare prices and identify the cheapest travel dates.

Set fare alerts
Set up fare alerts on travel websites or apps to receive notifications when prices drop for your desired destination. This way, you can monitor the fares and be ready to book when you find a great deal. Being flexible with your travel dates allows you to take advantage of these price drops and secure cheaper flights.

Consider layovers
Being open to layovers can also help you find cheaper flights. Sometimes, flights with layovers are more affordable than direct flights. By being flexible with your travel dates and considering flights with layovers, you can potentially save money on your airfare.

Check nearby airports
Expanding your search to include nearby airports can also lead to cheaper flights. Compare prices for different airports within a reasonable distance from your departure and destination cities. Being flexible with your travel dates and considering alternative airports can help you find better deals.

Avoid peak travel periods
During peak travel periods such as holidays or major events, flight prices tend to be higher due to increased demand. Being flexible with your travel dates and avoiding these peak periods can help you find cheaper flights. Consider traveling before or after the peak season to take advantage of lower fares.

Be patient and persistent
Finding cheap flights requires patience and persistence. Prices can fluctuate, and deals may come and go. By being flexible with your travel dates and continuously monitoring fares, you increase your chances of finding the best deals. Don’t be discouraged if you don’t find a cheap flight right away; keep searching and be ready to book when the prices are right.

By being flexible with your travel dates and considering these tips, you can increase your chances of finding cheap flights and save money on your travel expenses.

Consider alternative airports
When searching for cheap flights, it’s important to consider alternative airports in addition to your desired destination. By expanding your search to include nearby airports, you can often find better deals and save money on your airfare. Here are some key points to consider when exploring alternative airports:

Proximity to your destination
Look for airports that are within a reasonable distance from your intended destination. While it may require some additional travel time, the cost savings can often outweigh the inconvenience. Consider whether the savings on airfare outweigh the potential extra costs of transportation to your final destination.

Smaller airports
Smaller airports, especially those served by low-cost carriers, can offer significantly cheaper flights compared to major international airports. These airports may have fewer amenities and flight options, but they can be a great option for budget-conscious travelers. Research the airlines that operate at these smaller airports to see if they offer flights to your desired destination.

Nearby cities
Expanding your search to include nearby cities can also lead to significant savings. For example, if you’re planning a trip to New York City, consider searching for flights to nearby airports such as Newark or White Plains instead of just focusing on flights to JFK or LaGuardia. By being flexible with your arrival airport, you can often find better deals.

Layovers and connecting flights
Sometimes, booking a flight with a layover or connecting flight can result in lower fares. While layovers may add some extra travel time, they can be worth it if you’re able to save a significant amount of money. When searching for flights, be sure to check for options with layovers and compare the prices to direct flights.

Seasonal airports
Certain airports may only operate during specific seasons or have limited flight schedules. These airports often cater to popular vacation destinations or seasonal travel patterns. By considering these seasonal airports, you may find cheaper flights during off-peak times or when demand is lower.

Flexibility in travel dates
Being flexible with your travel dates can also open up opportunities to consider alternative airports. Some airports may have more affordable flights on certain days of the week or during specific times of the year. Use flexible date search options when booking your flights to explore different departure and arrival dates.

Research transportation options
Before committing to an alternative airport, research the transportation options available to reach your final destination. Consider the cost and convenience of ground transportation, such as trains, buses, or rental cars. Factor in the additional time and expenses associated with reaching your destination from the alternative airport.

By considering alternative airports, you can often find cheaper flights and save money on your travel expenses. Take the time to research and compare different airport options to maximize your savings and make your travel budget go further.

Sign up for airline newsletters and fare alerts
Signing up for airline newsletters and fare alerts is a smart strategy to stay updated on the latest deals and discounts offered by airlines. By subscribing to these newsletters and alerts, you can receive timely notifications about special promotions, flash sales, and discounted fares. Here’s why you should consider signing up:

Benefits of airline newsletters
Airline newsletters provide valuable information directly to your inbox. Here are some benefits of subscribing to these newsletters:

Exclusive deals and offers: Airlines often send exclusive deals and offers to their newsletter subscribers. These can include discounted fares, bonus miles, or special promotions that are not available to the general public.

Early access to sales: Subscribing to airline newsletters gives you the advantage of receiving early access to sales and promotions. This means you can secure the best deals before they sell out or become widely known.

Personalized recommendations: Many airlines use customer data to personalize their newsletters and offer tailored recommendations based on your travel preferences. This can help you discover new destinations or find flights that match your interests.

Benefits of fare alerts
Fare alerts are notifications that inform you when flight prices drop or when there are significant discounts available. Here’s why fare alerts are useful:

Real-time updates: Fare alerts provide real-time updates on price changes, allowing you to take advantage of sudden drops in fares. This is particularly helpful if you have a flexible travel schedule and can adjust your plans accordingly.

Customizable preferences: Fare alert services often allow you to set specific criteria, such as preferred departure airports, destinations, and price ranges. This ensures that you only receive notifications for flights that match your preferences.

Save time and effort: Instead of constantly monitoring airline websites or travel search engines for price changes, fare alerts do the work for you. They notify you when there are significant price drops, saving you time and effort in searching for the best deals.

How to sign up for newsletters and fare alerts
To start receiving airline newsletters and fare alerts, follow these steps:

Visit airline websites: Go to the websites of the airlines you frequently fly with or those that operate in your preferred destinations. Look for a section or link that allows you to sign up for their newsletter or fare alerts.

Provide your email address: Enter your email address in the designated field and submit the form to subscribe. Some airlines may also ask for additional information, such as your name, frequent flyer number, or travel preferences.

Optimize fare alert settings: If you prefer fare alerts, consider using third-party services or travel search engines that offer customizable fare alert options. Set your preferred criteria, such as specific routes, dates, and price thresholds, to receive relevant notifications.

Remember to check your email regularly and adjust your spam filters to ensure that newsletters and fare alerts are not missed. By signing up for airline newsletters and fare alerts, you can stay informed about the latest deals and find cheap flights that suit your travel needs.

Use incognito mode or clear your cookies
When searching for cheap flights, it’s important to understand how airlines and travel websites track your browsing behavior. By using incognito mode or clearing your cookies, you can prevent these platforms from storing your search history and potentially raising prices based on your previous searches.

Incognito mode
Incognito mode, also known as private browsing, is a feature available in most web browsers that allows you to browse the internet without saving any information about your browsing session. When you open a new incognito window, the browser does not store cookies, search history, or any other data that could be used to track your online activity.

Using incognito mode while searching for flights can be beneficial because it prevents airlines and travel websites from recognizing your previous searches. This means that they won’t be able to use your search history to manipulate prices or show you higher fares based on your interest in a particular route or destination.

To open an incognito window, simply go to the menu of your web browser (usually represented by three dots or lines) and select the “New Incognito Window” option. Alternatively, you can use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Shift+N (Windows) or Command+Shift+N (Mac) to open a new incognito window.

Clearing your cookies
Cookies are small files that websites store on your computer to remember information about your browsing preferences and behavior. Travel websites often use cookies to track your searches and display personalized results. However, this can sometimes lead to higher prices if the website detects that you are repeatedly searching for the same flight.

Clearing your cookies before searching for flights can help you avoid this issue. By deleting the cookies associated with travel websites, you essentially start with a clean slate, and the websites won’t have any information about your previous searches. This can potentially lead to lower prices or more accurate search results.

To clear your cookies, you can usually find the option in the settings or preferences menu of your web browser. Look for a section related to privacy or browsing data, where you’ll typically find the option to clear cookies. Keep in mind that clearing your cookies will also log you out of any websites you’re currently signed into.

By using incognito mode or clearing your cookies, you can maintain a level playing field when searching for cheap flights. These simple tricks help ensure that airlines and travel websites don’t take advantage of your browsing history to inflate prices. So, next time you’re on the hunt for affordable airfare, remember to browse incognito or clear your cookies for a better chance at finding the best deals.

Take advantage of frequent flyer programs and credit card rewards
Frequent flyer programs and credit card rewards can be valuable tools for finding cheap flights. By understanding how these programs work and maximizing their benefits, you can save money on your travel expenses. Here are some key points to consider:

Join frequent flyer programs
Joining frequent flyer programs is a great way to earn and redeem points or miles for discounted or even free flights. Most major airlines offer these programs, allowing you to accumulate points based on the distance you fly or the amount you spend on flights. These points can then be used to book future flights or upgrade your seat.

Research airline alliances
Many airlines are part of global alliances, such as Star Alliance, SkyTeam, or Oneworld. These alliances allow you to earn and redeem miles across multiple airlines within the alliance. By strategically choosing flights with partner airlines, you can accumulate points faster and have more options for redeeming them.

Utilize credit card rewards
Credit cards often offer rewards programs that allow you to earn points or miles for every dollar you spend. Look for credit cards that offer travel-specific rewards, such as airline miles or hotel points. By using these cards for your everyday expenses, you can accumulate rewards quickly and use them towards discounted or free flights.

Compare credit card benefits
When choosing a credit card for travel rewards, compare the benefits offered by different cards. Look for features like sign-up bonuses, accelerated earning rates, and flexible redemption options. Some cards may also provide additional perks like airport lounge access or travel insurance, which can enhance your overall travel experience.

Be mindful of fees and interest rates
While credit card rewards can be lucrative, it’s important to be aware of any associated fees and interest rates. Some cards may have annual fees or foreign transaction fees that can eat into the value of your rewards. Additionally, carrying a balance and paying interest on your credit card can negate the benefits of any rewards earned.

Plan and book strategically
To maximize your rewards, plan your travel and book flights strategically. Look for promotions or bonus offers that allow you to earn extra points or miles. Consider booking flights during off-peak seasons or using flexible dates to take advantage of lower redemption rates. Being flexible with your travel plans can help you find the best deals and make the most of your rewards.

Keep track of expiration dates
Frequent flyer miles and credit card rewards often come with expiration dates. Make sure to keep track of these dates and use your rewards before they expire. Some programs may offer options to extend or reinstate expired rewards, but it’s best to stay organized and avoid losing out on valuable benefits.

Combine rewards and discounts
Don’t forget to combine your frequent flyer miles or credit card rewards with other discounts or promotions. Airlines may offer discounted fares or special deals that can be used in conjunction with your rewards. By stacking these savings, you can further reduce the cost of your flights and enjoy even greater value.

Stay informed and be flexible
Frequent flyer programs and credit card rewards can change over time, so it’s important to stay informed about any updates or changes to the programs you participate in. Be flexible with your travel plans and take advantage of new opportunities or promotions that arise. By staying proactive and adaptable, you can continue to find cheap flights and maximize your rewards.

Consider professional advice
If you’re new to frequent flyer programs or credit card rewards, consider seeking professional advice or guidance. Travel experts or credit card specialists can provide personalized recommendations based on your travel goals and financial situation. They can help you navigate the complexities of these programs and ensure you make the most of your rewards.

Book flights during off-peak seasons or weekdays
When it comes to finding cheap flights, timing is everything. By booking flights during off-peak seasons or weekdays, you can often score significant savings on your airfare. Here’s why and how you should take advantage of this travel hack:

Off-peak seasons
Booking flights during off-peak seasons can be a game-changer for your travel budget. Off-peak seasons are periods when there is less demand for travel to a particular destination. This could be due to factors such as weather conditions, school holidays, or cultural events. By avoiding peak travel times, you can benefit from lower ticket prices and fewer crowds. Here are a few key points to consider:

Research the destination’s off-peak seasons: Before planning your trip, it’s essential to research the off-peak seasons of your desired destination. This will help you identify the best time to visit when flights are likely to be cheaper. For example, if you’re planning a beach vacation, consider traveling during the shoulder seasons when the weather is still pleasant but the crowds have thinned out.

Flexibility is key: Being flexible with your travel dates can significantly increase your chances of finding cheaper flights. If your schedule allows, consider adjusting your travel plans to align with the off-peak seasons. Airlines often offer discounted fares during these periods to attract more passengers.

Avoid major holidays and events: Flights tend to be more expensive during major holidays and events when demand is high. If possible, try to avoid booking flights during these peak periods. Instead, opt for less popular times when prices are likely to be more affordable.

Weekday travel
In addition to off-peak seasons, booking flights on weekdays can also help you save money. Here’s why weekday travel can be a smart choice:

Less demand: Weekdays, especially Tuesdays and Wednesdays, typically have lower demand for air travel compared to weekends. As a result, airlines often offer discounted fares to fill up their planes during these quieter periods. By choosing to fly on weekdays, you can take advantage of these lower prices.

Flexible work schedules: If your work schedule allows, consider taking time off during the week to travel. This can open up opportunities for cheaper flights and potentially save you a significant amount of money. Additionally, flying on weekdays can also mean fewer crowds at airports, making your travel experience more enjoyable.

Combine weekdays with off-peak seasons: For the ultimate cost-saving strategy, consider combining weekday travel with off-peak seasons. This double whammy can result in even more substantial savings on your flights. By being flexible with both your travel dates and destination, you can maximize your chances of finding the best deals.

Remember, booking flights during off-peak seasons or weekdays requires careful planning and research. By being flexible and strategic with your travel dates, you can unlock significant savings and make your dream trip more affordable.

Be open to layovers or connecting flights
When searching for cheap flights, it’s important to be open to the idea of layovers or connecting flights. While direct flights may be more convenient, they are often more expensive. By considering flights with layovers or connections, you can significantly reduce the cost of your airfare.

Benefits of layovers and connecting flights
Layovers and connecting flights offer several advantages for budget-conscious travelers. Firstly, they provide an opportunity to explore and experience additional destinations along the way. If you have a long layover, you can use this time to explore the layover city, adding an extra adventure to your trip without incurring additional costs.

Flexibility in flight options
Being open to layovers and connecting flights also allows for greater flexibility in flight options. Sometimes, a direct flight to your desired destination may be expensive or unavailable, but by considering flights with layovers, you can find more affordable alternatives. This flexibility opens up a wider range of flight options, increasing your chances of finding a cheaper ticket.

Utilizing hub airports
Hub airports, which serve as major connecting points for various airlines, can often offer cheaper flights due to increased competition. These airports have numerous flight connections, allowing you to find more affordable options. By considering flights that connect through hub airports, you can take advantage of the competitive pricing and potentially save a significant amount on your airfare.

Longer layovers for greater savings
If you’re willing to spend more time at a layover destination, you can often find even cheaper flights. Opting for longer layovers can result in substantial savings, as airlines may offer discounted fares for flights with longer connection times. This can be an excellent opportunity to explore a new city or country, turning your layover into a mini-vacation.

Considerations for layovers and connections
While layovers and connecting flights can be a great way to save money, there are a few considerations to keep in mind. Firstly, ensure you have enough time between flights to comfortably make your connection. It’s important to factor in potential delays and allow ample time for any necessary security checks or immigration procedures.

Additionally, be aware of any visa requirements for layover destinations. Some countries may require a transit visa, even if you’re only staying for a short period. Research the visa policies of your layover destinations beforehand to avoid any complications.

By being open to layovers and connecting flights, you can unlock a world of affordable travel options. Embrace the flexibility and potential for adventure that layovers provide, and you’ll be well on your way to finding cheap flights for your next journey.

Finding cheap flights doesn’t have to be a daunting task. By utilizing these 10 genius travel hacks, you can save money and fly for less. Start by using flight search engines to compare prices and find the best deals. Be flexible with your travel dates and consider alternative airports to increase your chances of finding cheaper flights. Sign up for airline newsletters and fare alerts to stay updated on promotions and discounts. Use incognito mode or clear your cookies to avoid price hikes. Take advantage of frequent flyer programs and credit card rewards to earn points and redeem them for discounted or free flights. Booking flights during off-peak seasons or weekdays can also help you secure lower fares. Lastly, be open to layovers or connecting flights, as they often come with lower price tags. With these travel hacks in your arsenal, you’ll be able to fly for less and explore the world without breaking the bank.

The trend during the last century seems to be unequivocal: less work, more play.

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The official working week in France has being reduced to 35 hours a week (though the French are now tinkering with it). In most countries in the world, it is limited to 45 hours a week. The trend during the last century seems to be unequivocal: less work, more play.

Yet, what may be true for blue collar workers or state employees – is not necessarily so for white collar members of the liberal professions. It is not rare for these people – lawyers, accountants, consultants, managers, academics – to put in 80 hour weeks.

The phenomenon is so widespread and its social consequences so damaging that it has acquired the unflattering nickname workaholism, a combination of the words “work” and “alcoholism”. Family life is disrupted, intellectual horizons narrow, the consequences to the workaholic’s health are severe: fat, lack of exercise, stress – all take their lethal toll. Classified as “alpha” types, workaholics suffer three times as many heart attacks as their peers.

But what are the social and economic roots of this phenomenon?

Put succinctly, it is the outcome of the blurring of boundaries between work and leisure. This distinction between time dedicated to labour and time spent in the pursuit of one’s hobbies – was so clear for thousands of years that its gradual disappearance is one of the most important and profound social changes in human history.

A host of other shifts in the character of work and domestic environments of humans converged to produce this momentous change. Arguably the most important was the increase in labour mobility and the fluid nature of the very concept of work and the workplace.

The transitions from agriculture to industry, then to services, and now to the knowledge society, increased the mobility of the workforce. A farmer is the least mobile. His means of production are fixed, his produce mostly consumed locally – especially in places which lack proper refrigeration, food preservation, and transportation.

A marginal group of people became nomad-traders. This group exploded in size with the advent of the industrial revolution. True, the bulk of the workforce was still immobile and affixed to the production floor. But raw materials and finished products travelled long distances to faraway markets. Professional services were needed and the professional manager, the lawyer, the accountant, the consultant, the trader, the broker – all emerged as both parasites feeding off the production processes and the indispensable oil on its cogs.

The protagonists of the services society were no longer geographically dependent. They rendered their services to a host of geographically distributed “employers” in a variety of ways. This trend accelerated today, with the advent of the information and knowledge revolution.

Knowledge is not geography-dependent. It is easily transferable across boundaries. It is cheaply reproduced. Its ephemeral quality gives it non-temporal and non-spatial qualities. The locations of the participants in the economic interactions of this new age are transparent and immaterial.

These trends converged with increased mobility of people, goods and data (voice, visual, textual and other). The twin revolutions of transportation and telecommunications really reduced the world to a global village. Phenomena like commuting to work and multinationals were first made possible.

Facsimile messages, electronic mail, other forms of digital data, the Internet – broke not only physical barriers but also temporal ones. Today, virtual offices are not only spatially virtual – but also temporally so. This means that workers can collaborate not only across continents but also across time zones. They can leave their work for someone else to continue in an electronic mailbox, for instance.

These technological advances precipitated the transmutation of the very concepts of “work” and “workplace”. The three Aristotelian dramatic unities no longer applied. Work could be performed in different places, not simultaneously, by workers who worked part time whenever it suited them best.

Flextime and work from home replaced commuting (much more so in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but they have always been the harbingers of change). This fitted squarely into the social fragmentation which characterizes today’s world: the disintegration of previously cohesive social structures, such as the nuclear (not to mention the extended) family.

All this was neatly wrapped in the ideology of individualism, presented as a private case of capitalism and liberalism. People were encouraged to feel and behave as distinct, autonomous units. The perception of individuals as islands replaced the former perception of humans as cells in an organism.

This trend was coupled with – and enhanced by – unprecedented successive multi-annual rises in productivity and increases in world trade. New management techniques, improved production technologies, innovative inventory control methods, automatization, robotization, plant modernization, telecommunications (which facilitates more efficient transfers of information), even new design concepts – all helped bring this about.

But productivity gains made humans redundant. No amount of retraining could cope with the incredible rate of technological change. The more technologically advanced the country – the higher its structural unemployment (i.e., the level of unemployment attributable to changes in the very structure of the market).

In Western Europe, it shot up from 5-6% of the workforce to 9% in one decade. One way to manage this flood of ejected humans was to cut the workweek. Another was to support a large population of unemployed. The third, more tacit, way was to legitimize leisure time. Whereas the Jewish and Protestant work ethics condemned idleness in the past – the current ethos encouraged people to contribute to the economy through “self realization”, to pursue their hobbies and non-work related interests, and to express the entire range of their personality and potential.

This served to blur the historical differences between work and leisure. They are both commended now. Work, like leisure, became less and less structured and rigid. It is often pursued from home. The territorial separation between “work-place” and “home turf” was essentially eliminated.

The emotional leap was only a question of time. Historically, people went to work because they had to. What they did after work was designated as “pleasure”. Now, both work and leisure were pleasurable – or torturous – or both. Some people began to enjoy their work so much that it fulfilled the functions normally reserved to leisure time. They are the workaholics. Others continued to hate work – but felt disorientated in the new, leisure-like environment. They were not taught to deal with too much free time, a lack of framework, no clear instructions what to do, when, with whom and to what end.

Socialization processes and socialization agents (the State, parents, educators, employers) were not geared – nor did they regard it as their responsibility – to train the population to cope with free time and with the baffling and dazzling variety of options on offer.

We can classify economies and markets using the work-leisure axis. Those that maintain the old distinction between (hated) work and (liberating) leisure – are doomed to perish or, at best, radically lag behind. This is because they will not have developed a class of workaholics big enough to move the economy ahead.

It takes workaholics to create, maintain and expand capitalism. As opposed to common opinion, people, mostly, do not do business because they are interested in money (the classic profit motive). They do what they do because they like the Game of Business, its twists and turns, the brainstorming, the battle of brains, subjugating markets, the ups and downs, the excitement. All this has nothing to do with money. It has everything to do with psychology. True, money serves to measure success – but it is an abstract meter, akin to monopoly money. It is proof shrewdness, wit, foresight, stamina, and insight.

Workaholics identify business with pleasure. They are hedonistic and narcissistic. They are entrepreneurial. They are the managers and the businessmen and the scientists and the journalists. They are the movers, the shakers, the pushers, the energy.

Without workaholics, we would have ended up with “social” economies, with strong disincentives to work. In these economies of “collective ownership” people go to work because they have to. Their main preoccupation is how to avoid it and to sabotage the workplace. They harbour negative feelings. Slowly, they wither and die (professionally) – because no one can live long in hatred and deceit. Joy is an essential ingredient of survival.

And this is the true meaning of capitalism: the abolition of the artificial distinction between work and leisure and the pursuit of both with the same zeal and satisfaction. Above all, the (increasing) liberty to do it whenever, wherever, with whomever you choose.

Unless and until Homo East Europeansis changes his state of mind – there will be no real transition. Because transition happens in the human mind much before it takes form in reality. It is no use to dictate, to legislate, to finance, to cajole, or to bribe. It was Marx (a devout non-capitalist) who said: it is consciousness that determines reality. How right was he. Witness the prosperous USA and compare it to the miserable failure that was communism.

From an Interview I Granted

Question: In your article, Workaholism, Leisure and Pleasure, you describe how the line between leisure and work has blurred over time. What has allowed this to happen? What effect does this blurring have on the struggle to achieve a work-life balance?

Answer: The distinction between work and leisure times is a novelty. Even 70 years ago, people still worked 16 hours a day and, many of them, put in 7 days a week. More than 80% of the world’s population still live this way. To the majority of people in the developing countries, work was and is life. They would perceive the contrast between “work” and “life” to be both artificial and perplexing. Sure, they dedicate time to their families and communities. But there is little leisure left to read, nurture one’s hobbies, introspect, or attend classes.

Leisure time emerged as a social phenomenon in the twentieth century and mainly in the industrialized, rich, countries.

Workaholism – the blurring of boundaries between leisure time and time dedicated to work – is, therefore, simply harking back to the recent past. It is the inevitable outcome of a confluence of a few developments:

(1) Labour mobility increased. A farmer is attached to his land. His means of production are fixed. His markets are largely local. An industrial worker is attached to his factory. His means of production are fixed. Workers in the services or, more so, in the knowledge industries are attached only to their laptops. They are much more itinerant. They render their services to a host of geographically distributed “employers” in a variety of ways.

(2) The advent of the information and knowledge revolutions lessened the worker’s dependence on a “brick and mortar” workplace and a “flesh and blood” employer. Cyberspace replaces real space and temporary or contractual work are preferred to tenure and corporate “loyalty”.

Knowledge is not geography-dependent. It is portable and cheaply reproduced. The geographical locations of the participants in the economic interactions of this new age are transparent and immaterial.

(3) The mobility of goods and data (voice, visual, textual and other) increased exponentially. The twin revolutions of transportation and telecommunications reduced the world to a global village. Phenomena like commuting to work and globe-straddling multinationals were first made possible. The car, the airplane, facsimile messages, electronic mail, other forms of digital data, the Internet – demolished many physical and temporal barriers. Workers today often collaborate in virtual offices across continents and time zones. Flextime and work from home replaced commuting. The very concepts of “workplace” and “work” were rendered fluid, if not obsolete.

(4) The dissolution of the classic workplace is part of a larger and all-pervasive disintegration of other social structures, such as the nuclear family. Thus, while the choice of work-related venues and pursuits increased – the number of social alternatives to work declined.

The extended and nuclear family was denuded of most of its traditional functions. Most communities are tenuous and in constant flux. Work is the only refuge from an incoherent, fractious, and dysfunctional world. Society is anomic and work has become a route of escapism.

(5) The ideology of individualism is increasingly presented as a private case of capitalism and liberalism. People are encouraged to feel and behave as distinct, autonomous units. The metaphor of individuals as islands substituted for the perception of humans as cells in an organism. Malignant individualism replaced communitarianism. Pathological narcissism replaced self-love and empathy.

(6) The last few decades witnessed unprecedented successive rises in productivity and an expansion of world trade. New management techniques, improved production technologies, innovative inventory control methods, automatization, robotization, plant modernization, telecommunications (which facilitates more efficient transfers of information), even new design concepts – all helped bring workaholism about by placing economic values in the forefront. The Protestant work ethic ran amok. Instead of working in order to live – people began living in order to work.

Workaholics are rewarded with faster promotion and higher income. Workaholism is often – mistakenly – identified with entrepreneurship, ambition, and efficiency. Yet, really it is merely an addiction.

The absurd is that workaholism is a direct result of the culture of leisure.

As workers are made redundant by technology-driven productivity gains – they are encouraged to engage in leisure activities. Leisure substitutes for work. The historical demarcation between work and leisure is lost. Both are commended for their contribution to the economy. Work, like leisure, is less and less structured and rigid. Both work and leisure are often pursued from home and are often experienced as pleasurable.

The territorial separation between “work-place” and “home turf” is essentially eliminated.

Some people enjoy their work so much that it fulfils the functions normally reserved to leisure time. They are the workaholics. Others continue to hate work – but feel disorientated in the new leisure-rich environment. They are not taught to deal with too much free and unstructured time, with a lack of clearly delineated framework, without clear instructions as to what to do, when, with whom, and to what end.

The state, parents, educators, employers – all failed to train the population to cope with free time and with choice. Both types – the workaholic and the “normal” person baffled by too much leisure – end up sacrificing their leisure time to their work-related activities.

Alas, it takes workaholics to create, maintain and expand capitalism. People don’t work or conduct business only because they are after the money. They enjoy their work or their business. They find pleasure in it. And this is the true meaning of capitalism: the abolition of the artificial distinction between work and leisure and the pursuit of both with the same zeal and satisfaction. Above all, the (increasing) liberty to do so whenever, wherever, with whomever you choose

Productivity allows us to multiply, perhaps irresponsibly.

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In his book, “A Farewell to Alms” (Princeton University Press, 2007), Gregory Clark, an economic historian at the University of California, Davis, suggests that downward social mobility in England caused the Industrial Revolution in the early years of the 19th century. As the offspring of peasants died off of hunger and disease, the numerous and cosseted descendants of the British upper middle classes took over their jobs.

These newcomers infused their work and family life with the values that made their luckier forefathers wealthy and prominent. Above all, they introduced into their new environment Max Weber’s Protestant work ethic: leisure is idleness, toil is good, workaholism is the best. As Clark put it:

“Thrift, prudence, negotiation and hard work were becoming values for communities that previously had been spendthrift, impulsive, violent and leisure loving.”

Such religious veneration of hard labor resulted in a remarkable increase in productivity that allowed Britain (and, later, its emulators the world over) to escape the Malthusian Trap. Production began to outstrip population growth.

But the pendulum seems to have swung back. Leisure is again both fashionable and desirable.

From an Interview I Granted

Question: In your article, Workaholism, Leisure and Pleasure, you describe how the line between leisure and work has blurred over time. What has allowed this to happen? What effect does this blurring have on the struggle to achieve a work-life balance?

Answer: The distinction between work and leisure times is a novelty. Even 70 years ago, people still worked 16 hours a day and, many of them, put in 7 days a week. More than 80% of the world’s population still live this way. To the majority of people in the developing countries, work was and is life. They would perceive the contrast between “work” and “life” to be both artificial and perplexing. Sure, they dedicate time to their families and communities. But there is little leisure left to read, nurture one’s hobbies, introspect, or attend classes.

Leisure time emerged as a social phenomenon in the twentieth century and mainly in the industrialized, rich, countries.

Workaholism – the blurring of boundaries between leisure time and time dedicated to work – is, therefore, simply harking back to the recent past. It is the inevitable outcome of a confluence of a few developments:

(1) Labour mobility increased. A farmer is attached to his land. His means of production are fixed. His markets are largely local. An industrial worker is attached to his factory. His means of production are fixed. Workers in the services or, more so, in the knowledge industries are attached only to their laptops. They are much more itinerant. They render their services to a host of geographically distributed “employers” in a variety of ways.

(2) The advent of the information and knowledge revolutions lessened the worker’s dependence on a “brick and mortar” workplace and a “flesh and blood” employer. Cyberspace replaces real space and temporary or contractual work are preferred to tenure and corporate “loyalty”.

Knowledge is not geography-dependent. It is portable and cheaply reproduced. The geographical locations of the participants in the economic interactions of this new age are transparent and immaterial.

(3) The mobility of goods and data (voice, visual, textual and other) increased exponentially. The twin revolutions of transportation and telecommunications reduced the world to a global village. Phenomena like commuting to work and globe-straddling multinationals were first made possible. The car, the airplane, facsimile messages, electronic mail, other forms of digital data, the Internet – demolished many physical and temporal barriers. Workers today often collaborate in virtual offices across continents and time zones. Flextime and work from home replaced commuting. The very concepts of “workplace” and “work” were rendered fluid, if not obsolete.

(4) The dissolution of the classic workplace is part of a larger and all-pervasive disintegration of other social structures, such as the nuclear family. Thus, while the choice of work-related venues and pursuits increased – the number of social alternatives to work declined.

The extended and nuclear family was denuded of most of its traditional functions. Most communities are tenuous and in constant flux. Work is the only refuge from an incoherent, fractious, and dysfunctional world. Society is anomic and work has become a route of escapism.

(5) The ideology of individualism is increasingly presented as a private case of capitalism and liberalism. People are encouraged to feel and behave as distinct, autonomous units. The metaphor of individuals as islands substituted for the perception of humans as cells in an organism. Malignant individualism replaced communitarianism. Pathological narcissism replaced self-love and empathy.

(6) The last few decades witnessed unprecedented successive rises in productivity and an expansion of world trade. New management techniques, improved production technologies, innovative inventory control methods, automatization, robotization, plant modernization, telecommunications (which facilitates more efficient transfers of information), even new design concepts – all helped bring workaholism about by placing economic values in the forefront. The Protestant work ethic ran amok. Instead of working in order to live – people began living in order to work.

Workaholics are rewarded with faster promotion and higher income. Workaholism is often – mistakenly – identified with entrepreneurship, ambition, and efficiency. Yet, really it is merely an addiction.

The absurd is that workaholism is a direct result of the culture of leisure.

As workers are made redundant by technology-driven productivity gains – they are encouraged to engage in leisure activities. Leisure substitutes for work. The historical demarcation between work and leisure is lost. Both are commended for their contribution to the economy. Work, like leisure, is less and less structured and rigid. Both work and leisure are often pursued from home and are often experienced as pleasurable.

The territorial separation between “work-place” and “home turf” is essentially eliminated.

Some people enjoy their work so much that it fulfils the functions normally reserved to leisure time. They are the workaholics. Others continue to hate work – but feel disorientated in the new leisure-rich environment. They are not taught to deal with too much free and unstructured time, with a lack of clearly delineated framework, without clear instructions as to what to do, when, with whom, and to what end.

The state, parents, educators, employers – all failed to train the population to cope with free time and with choice. Both types – the workaholic and the “normal” person baffled by too much leisure – end up sacrificing their leisure time to their work-related activities.

Alas, it takes workaholics to create, maintain and expand capitalism. People don’t work or conduct business only because they are after the money. They enjoy their work or their business. They find pleasure in it. And this is the true meaning of capitalism: the abolition of the artificial distinction between work and leisure and the pursuit of both with the same zeal and satisfaction. Above all, the (increasing) liberty to do so whenever, wherever, with whomever you choose.

The official working week in France has being reduced to 35 hours a week (though the French are now tinkering with it). In most countries in the world, it is limited to 45 hours a week. The trend during the last century seems to be unequivocal: less work, more play.

Yet, what may be true for blue collar workers or state employees – is not necessarily so for white collar members of the liberal professions. It is not rare for these people – lawyers, accountants, consultants, managers, academics – to put in 80 hour weeks.

The phenomenon is so widespread and its social consequences so damaging that it has acquired the unflattering nickname workaholism, a combination of the words “work” and “alcoholism”. Family life is disrupted, intellectual horizons narrow, the consequences to the workaholic’s health are severe: fat, lack of exercise, stress – all take their lethal toll. Classified as “alpha” types, workaholics suffer three times as many heart attacks as their peers.

But what are the social and economic roots of this phenomenon?

Put succinctly, it is the outcome of the blurring of boundaries between work and leisure. This distinction between time dedicated to labour and time spent in the pursuit of one’s hobbies – was so clear for thousands of years that its gradual disappearance is one of the most important and profound social changes in human history.

A host of other shifts in the character of work and domestic environments of humans converged to produce this momentous change. Arguably the most important was the increase in labour mobility and the fluid nature of the very concept of work and the workplace.

The transitions from agriculture to industry, then to services, and now to the knowledge society, increased the mobility of the workforce. A farmer is the least mobile. His means of production are fixed, his produce mostly consumed locally – especially in places which lack proper refrigeration, food preservation, and transportation.

A marginal group of people became nomad-traders. This group exploded in size with the advent of the industrial revolution. True, the bulk of the workforce was still immobile and affixed to the production floor. But raw materials and finished products travelled long distances to faraway markets. Professional services were needed and the professional manager, the lawyer, the accountant, the consultant, the trader, the broker – all emerged as both parasites feeding off the production processes and the indispensable oil on its cogs.

The protagonists of the services society were no longer geographically dependent. They rendered their services to a host of geographically distributed “employers” in a variety of ways. This trend accelerated today, with the advent of the information and knowledge revolution.

Knowledge is not geography-dependent. It is easily transferable across boundaries. It is cheaply reproduced. Its ephemeral quality gives it non-temporal and non-spatial qualities. The locations of the participants in the economic interactions of this new age are transparent and immaterial.

These trends converged with increased mobility of people, goods and data (voice, visual, textual and other). The twin revolutions of transportation and telecommunications really reduced the world to a global village. Phenomena like commuting to work and multinationals were first made possible.

Facsimile messages, electronic mail, other forms of digital data, the Internet – broke not only physical barriers but also temporal ones. Today, virtual offices are not only spatially virtual – but also temporally so. This means that workers can collaborate not only across continents but also across time zones. They can leave their work for someone else to continue in an electronic mailbox, for instance.

These technological advances precipitated the transmutation of the very concepts of “work” and “workplace”. The three Aristotelian dramatic unities no longer applied. Work could be performed in different places, not simultaneously, by workers who worked part time whenever it suited them best.

Flextime and work from home replaced commuting (much more so in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but they have always been the harbingers of change). This fitted squarely into the social fragmentation which characterizes today’s world: the disintegration of previously cohesive social structures, such as the nuclear (not to mention the extended) family.

All this was neatly wrapped in the ideology of individualism, presented as a private case of capitalism and liberalism. People were encouraged to feel and behave as distinct, autonomous units. The perception of individuals as islands replaced the former perception of humans as cells in an organism.

This trend was coupled with – and enhanced by – unprecedented successive multi-annual rises in productivity and increases in world trade. New management techniques, improved production technologies, innovative inventory control methods, automatization, robotization, plant modernization, telecommunications (which facilitates more efficient transfers of information), even new design concepts – all helped bring this about.

But productivity gains made humans redundant. No amount of retraining could cope with the incredible rate of technological change. The more technologically advanced the country – the higher its structural unemployment (i.e., the level of unemployment attributable to changes in the very structure of the market).

In Western Europe, it shot up from 5-6% of the workforce to 9% in one decade. One way to manage this flood of ejected humans was to cut the workweek. Another was to support a large population of unemployed. The third, more tacit, way was to legitimize leisure time. Whereas the Jewish and Protestant work ethics condemned idleness in the past – the current ethos encouraged people to contribute to the economy through “self realization”, to pursue their hobbies and non-work related interests, and to express the entire range of their personality and potential.

This served to blur the historical differences between work and leisure. They are both commended now. Work, like leisure, became less and less structured and rigid. It is often pursued from home. The territorial separation between “work-place” and “home turf” was essentially eliminated.

The emotional leap was only a question of time. Historically, people went to work because they had to. What they did after work was designated as “pleasure”. Now, both work and leisure were pleasurable – or torturous – or both. Some people began to enjoy their work so much that it fulfilled the functions normally reserved to leisure time. They are the workaholics. Others continued to hate work – but felt disorientated in the new, leisure-like environment. They were not taught to deal with too much free time, a lack of framework, no clear instructions what to do, when, with whom and to what end.

Socialization processes and socialization agents (the State, parents, educators, employers) were not geared – nor did they regard it as their responsibility – to train the population to cope with free time and with the baffling and dazzling variety of options on offer.

We can classify economies and markets using the work-leisure axis. Those that maintain the old distinction between (hated) work and (liberating) leisure – are doomed to perish or, at best, radically lag behind. This is because they will not have developed a class of workaholics big enough to move the economy ahead.

It takes workaholics to create, maintain and expand capitalism. As opposed to common opinion, people, mostly, do not do business because they are interested in money (the classic profit motive). They do what they do because they like the Game of Business, its twists and turns, the brainstorming, the battle of brains, subjugating markets, the ups and downs, the excitement. All this has nothing to do with money. It has everything to do with psychology. True, money serves to measure success – but it is an abstract meter, akin to monopoly money. It is proof shrewdness, wit, foresight, stamina, and insight.

Workaholics identify business with pleasure. They are hedonistic and narcissistic. They are entrepreneurial. They are the managers and the businessmen and the scientists and the journalists. They are the movers, the shakers, the pushers, the energy.

Without workaholics, we would have ended up with “social” economies, with strong disincentives to work. In these economies of “collective ownership” people go to work because they have to. Their main preoccupation is how to avoid it and to sabotage the workplace. They harbour negative feelings. Slowly, they wither and die (professionally) – because no one can live long in hatred and deceit. Joy is an essential ingredient of survival.

And this is the true meaning of capitalism: the abolition of the artificial distinction between work and leisure and the pursuit of both with the same zeal and satisfaction. Above all, the (increasing) liberty to do it whenever, wherever, with whomever you choose.

Unless and until Homo East Europeansis changes his state of mind – there will be no real transition. Because transition happens in the human mind much before it takes form in reality. It is no use to dictate, to legislate, to finance, to cajole, or to bribe. It was Marx (a devout non-capitalist) who said: it is consciousness that determines reality. How right was he. Witness the prosperous USA and compare it to the miserable failure that was communism.